[Frontiers in Bioscience S2, 1047-1067, June 1, 2010] 1047 Different types of cold adaptation in humans

1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Definitions of cold adaptation 4. Types of cold adaptation 4.1. Physiological and morphological adaptation 4.2. Genetic adaptation to cold 4.3. Behavioural adaptation to cold 5. Acclimatization to cold 5.1. Cold acclimatization among indigenous people 5.2. Polar expeditions 5.3. Ski journeys 5.4. Sojourn in tropical climates 5.5. Cold acclimatization in modern societies 5.5.1. General population 5.5.2. Winter swimmers 5.5.3. Military training 6. Acclimation to cold 6.1. Repeated exposures to cold air 6.1.1. Short exposures to extreme cold 6.1.2. Acclimation to cold air 6.2. Repeated exposures to cold water 6.2.1. Whole body immersions 6.2.2. Local immersion in cold water 7. Time course of cold adaptation 8. Determinants of cold adaptation 8.1. Individual factors 8.2. Exercise 8.3. Hypoxia 9. Significance of cold adaptation 9.1. Performance and health 10. Conclusions 11. Acknownledgement 12. References